The idea of"law"exists in every culture．All societies have some kind of law to keep order and to control the interactions of people with those around them．The laws of any culture tell people three things：what they can do （their right），what they must do （their duties），and what they may not do．In addition，there are usually specific types of punishment for those who break the law．
Although all societies have laws，not all have the same idea of justice-which is"right"and"wrong"and how"wrong"should be punished．In most Western cultures，it is thought that punishing criminals will prevent them from committing other crimes．Also，it is hoped that the fear of punishment will act as a deterrent（威懾） that prevents other people from committing similar crimes；in other words，people who are considering a life of crime will decide against it because of fear of punishment．In most non-Western cultures，by contrast，punishment is not seen as a deterrent．Instead，great importance is placed on restoring balance in the situation．A thief，for example，may be ordered to return the things he has stolen instead of，as in Western societies，spending time in prison．
Another difference in the concept of justice lies in various societies' ideas of what laws are．In the West，people consider"laws"quite different from"customs"．There is also a great contrast between"sins"（breaking religious laws） and"crimes"（breaking laws of the government）．In many non-Western cultures，on the other hand，there is little separation of customs，laws，and religious beliefs；in other cultures，these three may be quite separate from one another，but still very much different from those in the West．For these reasons，an action may be considered a crime in one country，but be socially acceptable in others．For instance，although a thief is viewed as a criminal in much of the world，in a small village where there is considerable communal（公共的） living and sharing of objects，the word thief may have little meaning．Someone who has taken something without asking is simply considered an impolite person．
Most countries have two kinds of law：criminal and civil．People who have been accused of acts such as murder or theft are heard in the criminal justice system，while civil justice deals with people who are believed to have violated others' rights．The use of the civil system reflects the values of the society in which it exists．In the United States where personal，individual justice is considered very important，civil law has become"big business．"There are over 600，000 lawyers in the United States，and many of them keep busy with civil lawsuits；that is，they work for people who want to sue others．If a man falls over a torn rug in a hotel and breaks his arm，for instance，he might decide to sue the hotel owners so that they will pay his medical costs．In a country like Japan，by contrast，there is very little use of the civil justice system．Lawsuits are not very popular in Japan，where social harmony is even more important than individual rights，and where people would rather reach agreement outside court．
（1）The main point of paragraph 1 is that DD．
A．a(chǎn)ll societies，Western or non-Western，have some kind of law to keep order．
B．most countries in the world have two kinds of law"criminal and civil"
C．there are usually specific types of punishment for those who break the law．
D．the laws of any culture dictate people's rights，duties and what they are not supposed to do
（2）Which is TRUE in most Western cultures？ BB
A．A thief may be referred to as an impolite person．
B．Punishment has double functions．
C．Punishment is not regarded as a deterrent．
D．There is lots of communal living and sharing of objects．
（3）Which statement is NOT true according to the article？ AA
A．In the West，there is little difference between"sins"and"crimes"．
B．In the West，people think laws and customs are rather different．
C．An action that is considered a crime in one country may be socially acceptable in another．
D．There is far less use of the civil justice system in Japan than in the United States．
（4）Which of the following cases are not heard in the criminal justice system？ DD
A．Robbing a pedestrian．
B．Kidnapping people for ransom．
C．Breaking into a bank．
D．Failing to pay back the money．
【考點】說明文．
【答案】D；B；A；D
【解答】
【點評】
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發(fā)布：2024/4/20 14:35:0組卷：2引用：1難度：0.7
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1．Most of us spend our lives seeking the natural world.We go fishing，sit in the garden，have a picnic，live in the suburbs or go to the seaside.The most popular leisure activity in Britain is going for a walk.When joggers jog，they don't run on the streets.Every one of them tends to go to the park or the river.
But despite this，our children are growing up naturedeprived（剝奪）.I spent my boyhood climbing trees.These days，children are robbed of the ancient freedom，due to problems like crime，traffic，the loss of the open space and strange new ideas about what is best for children，that is to say，things that can be bought，rather than things that can be found.
The truth is to be found elsewhere.A study in the US：families had moved to better housing and the children were assessed for ADHD—Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder（注意力缺陷多動癥）.Those whose accommodation had more natural views showed an improvement of 19%；those who had the same improvement in material surroundings but no nice view improved just 4%.
ADHD is one of the great problems of modern childhood.One study after another indicates that contact with nature gives huge benefits to ADHD children.However，we spend money on drugs rather than on green places.
The life of old people is measurably better when they have access to nature.The increasing concern for the growing population of old people is in quality rather than quantity of years.And study after study finds that a garden is the single most important thing in finding that quality.Even problems with crime and aggressive behaviour are reduced when there is contact with the natural world.
We need the wild world.It is essential to our wellbeing，our health and our happiness.
（1）According to the author，people enjoyto seek nature.
A．jogging on the street
B．running in the gym
C．shopping in the supermarket
D．sitting in the garden
（2）From the second paragraph，we can see that.
A．Children don't want to approach nature
B．children probably spend less time in nature nowadays
C．climbing trees will certainly do good to the children
D．children tend to be happier as a result of their material satisfaction
（3）In what way do people benefit from their contact with nature？
A．Children with ADHD can be cured.
B．Children's performance at school is greatly improved.
C．Problems with crime and violent behavior will easily be solved.
D．A garden nearby improves the quality of old people's life.
（4）what is the main idea of this passage？
A．Access to nature improves our life.
B．Nature treats children for ADHD.
C．Getting close to nature reduces crime.
D．Man can't live without natural areas.發(fā)布：2025/1/6 16:30:6組卷：0引用：1難度：0.5 -
2．It is widely believed that biodiversity（生物多樣性）is promoted to save species.But in reality species exist only as part of ecosystems and cannot survive unless their ecosystems are protected along with as much as possible of the diversity they contain.
Protecting habitats（棲息地）is important for keeping biodiversity.In 2003，over 102，000 habitats covering nearly 19 million square kilometres，or 11.5% of the world's land surface，were under some form of protection.Though this is a great improvement since 1962，when just 1，000 protected habitats were listed，it is still not considered enough to stop the ecocide that is endangering the world's biodiversity.
For a number of environmentalist，protecting the world's 25 biodiversity hotspots（熱點地區(qū)）is critical to saving habitats and species.But many hotspots are endangered already，having lost up to three-quarters of their original plants.
The poor state of most biodiversity hotspots results directly from population growth and migration（遷移） into these areas.A study found that by the mid-1990s around 1.1 billion people lived in these hotspots.Moreover，the annual population growth rate in these areas was 1.8%，higher than the global average of 1.4%.The PAI report concluded that human-related environmental changes will continue to put pressure on hotspots.Therefore，keeping biodiversity requires paying close attention to population size.
Protecting hotspots is not simply a matter of putting up fences and employing guards.The best results are achieved when local people are educated about the value of wildlife，and actually gain a share of the benefits from eco-tourism.Only then do they have a chance to see the benefits of protecting hotpots.
（1）What can we infer from paragraph 1？
A．The loss of any species can affect humans.
B．Endangered species are paid more attention to by humans.
C．Species can still survive when their ecosystems are destroyed.
D．Ecosystem protection is as important as diversity protection.
（2）What does the underlined word "ecocide" in paragraph 2 mean？
A．Ecosystem protection.
B．Reduction of the number of species.
C．Serious damage to habitats.
D．Habitats protection.
（3）What's the direct cause of the terrible state of the hotspots？
A．Population growth in hotpots.
B．Migration out of these areas.
C．Global warming.
D．The global average population growth rate.
（4）What's the author's opinion on protecting the hotspots？
A．It's simple to carry out.
B．It leads to the increase of tourists.
C．It's closely connected with local people.
D．It suggests that the local people are well educated.發(fā)布：2025/1/6 16:30:6組卷：0引用：1難度：0.5 -
3．International students who stayed in the US as their classes moved online during the COVID may be forced to leave，following guidelines of the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement published due to the pandemic（流行病）.
"You know I don't want to put my family at risk，I don't want to put myself at risk to travel during a pandemic and go back to Pakistan，and even if I could delay the program for a year，it is not certain that I will get the visa again." said a Pakistani student.
Many students say they need to be in the US for more than attending cljye.ais.As a PhD student，the library is an extremely important resource for them，although it is because of COVED that those services have been closed，which means even this advantage is gone.
"You know more than 90% of the international students who were studying the US when COVID-19 hit and college campuses were closed have to remain in the US and this creates such trouble in their lives and such uncertainty that is unreasonable." said a lady from a university.
International students staving in the United States say the new ruling has disturbed their plans to return. "I know it is a fact that when it comes to rules，guidelines，laws and stuff like that，international students are sort of treated as low-level citizens.Even I can't even use the word "citizen" to begin with because that's what they make clear we are not."
The government said that the policy speaks for itself and that online coursework is not worth a visa.So far，not any sign of change has been within sight.As students are waiting for the policy to improve，their fall programming and their future remain in limbo.
（1）Why would international students prefer to stay in the US during the pandemic？
A．They couldn't delay the program for a year.
B．They can make full use of the library resource.
C．They wouldn't bring any potential danger to their family.
D．They can learn better with their classes moved online.
（2）What do international students staying in the United States think of the new rule？
A．The new rule treats them as American citizens.
B．The new rule shows great unreasonable opinion against them.
C．The new rule guides them to plan to return to the US.
D．The new rule treats them like low-level students in school.
（3）What is the government's attitude towards the new rule？
A．Favorable.
B．Neutral（中立）.
C．Unfavorable.
D．Unclear.
（4）What does the underlined phrase "in limbo" in the last paragraph mean？
A．Horrible.
B．Flexible.
C．Uncertain.
D．Unbelievable.發(fā)布：2025/1/6 15:30:8組卷：0引用：1難度：0.5
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