Personality may play only a small part in leadership effectiveness but there is no doubt that some leaders have a certain magic that leaves peers envious and followers entranced．If you could bottle this leadership X-factor-charisma-the queue of interested executives would be a long-one．But what qualities can these often highly successful leaders be said to possess？
As individuals，charismatic leaders have highly developed communication skills，including the ability to convey emotions easily and naturally to others，says Ronald Riggio，professor of leadership and organizational psychology．"They are able to inspire and arouse the emotions of followers through their emotional expressiveness and verbal skills．"
"They，connect with followers because they seem to truly understand others'feelings and concerns．"
"And they are great role models because they have the ability to engage others socially and display appropriate role-playing skills that allow them to walk the talk，"Professor Riggio says．
"One quality we like in our leaders is if they are seen to really represent us．We think someone is more charismatic，the more they represent our collective identity，"Professor Van Knippenberg says．In this way，a charismatic leader is somehow a larger-than-life version of ourselves．
Academics say that charismatic leaders also manage to stand out from the crowd．They might do this by being unconventional or by taking a different approach to problem-solving，for example．
"They are up for new things，and they are not stuck in the status quo．They are open-to out-of-the-box thinldng，etc．An optimistic，energetic quality helps us to see leadership qualities in them and makes us open to their influence，"he says…
"A lot of charismatic leadership，and leadership in general，is very contextual．It's really entrepreneurial firms．It's also good for turnarounds if the organization is in a bad state because it Kai Peters，the chief executive of Ashridge Business School．
But not every organization needs a charismatic leader．Leaders loaded with the X?1 narcissistic（自戀的），self-glorifying，exploitative and authoritarian （專制的）．As Peters says："Where it is a problem is where you have'look at me，I'm a star'．"
（1）Which word is closest in meaning to charisma in the first paragraph？ BB
A．charm
B．character
C．gratitude
D．optimism
（2）The charismatic leaders become great role models due to their AA．
A．proper role-playing skills
B．subtle emotional expressiveness
C．marvelous problem-solving ability
D．unconventionality in the crowds
（3）According to Professor Knippenberg，what kind of leaders would be welcomed by us？ CC
A．The one who has a heroical image．
B．The one who can speak for us．
C．The one who is a collective version of us．
D．The one who resembles us in characteristic．
（4）Whafs Peters'attitude towards the contextual feature of charismatic leadership？ CC
A．Critical
B．Approved
C．Neutral
D．Suspicious．
【考點(diǎn)】社會(huì)．
【答案】B；A；C；C
【解答】
【點(diǎn)評(píng)】
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發(fā)布：2024/4/20 14:35:0組卷：16引用：3難度：0.7
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1．Hi Judy!
You often complain to me that you always buy goods unreasonably on sale promotion（促銷）and feel it shameful after going back to your school dormitory with new things not needed，considering all the money you spend is your parents' income．
In fact，this is a common phenomenon，called impulsive buying，a buying unplanned and hard to control．It usually happens when a store offers discounts（打折）or sales promotion-a special way used by stores to get more customers，which means you may fall into its traps even without notice．
Stores，with a good knowledge of customers' psychology（心理），make use of it to drive business．Avoiding all the impulsive buying is a hard thing．However，knowing our psychology behind it and reducing the times when influenced by sales promotion may be useful．So you should keep calm when facing the sales promotion by keeping in mind what you really need．
Find out the conditions where you are likely to buy things blindly．When seeing a dress advertised at 20% off，do not concentrate on the discount，but warn yourself against falling into the trap of "saving money''．
Besides，do not forget the long-term effects of your choice when meeting a sales promotion．Short-term benefits，like excited feeling just after buying items encourage impulsive buying．But the long-term costs such as waste of money and the sense of shame really annoy you．When seeing the advertisements，remember what you really want to buy originally and warn yourself of that terrible feeling．Only in this way can you save money for really needed things．
Yours，
Rachel
（1）Judy felt it a shame to．
A．complain to others about the poverty of her family
B．waste her parents' money on unneeded things
C．buy cheap things at lower prices or with less money
D．rely on her parents for further education
（2）Which of the following is true of impulsive buying according to Rachel？
A．It is designed by shops to draw customers' attention．
B．It can be brought under control with the help of stores．
C．It is planned by buyers with the purpose of saving money．
D．It is done by customers without considering its bad effects．
（3）In face of sales promotion Judy is advised to．
A．have belief in her own immediate decision
B．check the quality of the goods at low prices
C．stay calm by thinking about what she really needs
D．take the chance to learn more about stores tricks
（4）How do buyers usually feel in the long run after buying discounted things？
A．Regretful．
B．Thrilled．
C．Relaxed．
D．Sceptical．發(fā)布：2025/1/10 8:0:1組卷：4引用：2難度：0.6 -
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（1）What can we know about Burlington School？
A．It is open all year.
B．It is located in London.
C．It provides no accommodation.
D．It offers no social practice classes.
（2）Which school offers the biggest discounts？
A．Burlington School.
B．New School of English.
C．University of Liverpool.
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（3）How is New School of English different from the others？
A．It sets a strict age limit.
B．Its accommodation is optional.
C．Its teachers are qualified and experienced.
D．It offers General and Specialist English courses.發(fā)布：2025/1/6 16:30:6組卷：0引用：1難度：0.6 -
3．Ever since I graduated from high school I've worked in the factories surrounding my hometown every summer.However，making the transformation between school and full-time blue-collar work during the break never gets any easier.For a student like me who considers any class before noon to be unacceptable，getting to a factory by 6 o'clock each morning is suffering.My friends never seem to understand why I'm so relieved to be back at school or that my summer vacation has been anything but a vacation.
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The most stressful thing about blue-collar life is knowing your job could disappear over night.Issues like being laid off and overseas relocation had always seemed distant to me until my co-workers told me that the unit I was working in would shut down within six months and move to Mexico，where people would work for 60 cents an hour.
After working 12-hour shifts（輪班）in a factory，the other options have become only too clear. "This job pays well，but it's hell on the body，" said one co-worker. "Study hard and keep reading." she added.When I'm back at the university，skipping classes and turning in lazy re-writes seems too irresponsible after seeing what I would be doing without school.All the advice and public-service announcements about the value of an education that used to sound stale（陳腐的）now ring true.
My experiences in the factories have inspired me to make the most of my college years before I enter the real world for good.
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B．It brought him nothing but suffering.
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A．They do better in the real world.
B．They are confident when they work.
C．They think too highly of themselves.
D．They are expert at handling machines.
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A．A low income.
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A．He became responsible for his work.
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D．He came to appreciate his college education.發(fā)布：2025/1/6 16:30:6組卷：0引用：1難度：0.5
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