If I scratch your back and you scratch mine，then we're both better off as a result — so goes the principle of reciprocity.As humans，we are familiar with the concept.But do animals also help those who help them？The answer may be yes.A paper by Dolivo and Taborsky shows that Norway rats will only give as good as they get.
In their laboratory' Dolivo and Taborsky first trained rats to pull on a stick that drew a food item within reach of a rat in a neighboring cage separated from them by wire mesh （鋼絲網(wǎng)）.
They then introduced a further treatment in which an experimental rat was placed in a cage with other caged rats on either side.On one side the rat pulled a stick that provided pieces of carrot to the rat in the central cage，while the other pulled a stick that produced banana pieces.
In the following trials the focal rat （the one in the central cage） had the opportunity to repay the other rats using the same stick tool to deliver food items.
Now，the rats had typically turned their noses up at the carrot and showed a strong preference for the more desirable banana.On the basis that the banana-providing rat should therefore be remembered as the superior partner，the authors predicted that in the test phase （階段） the focal rat would more readily provide help for banana-offering rats than for carrot-offering rats.This proved to be the case：the rats that had provided better help in the past received greater rewards - it seemed that they were behaving reciprocally.
Dolivo and Taborsky's experiments show that rats can recall the quality of help provided and by which rat，and adjust their behavior so as to invest more time and energy in helping those that helped them.It is apparent that we shouldn't undervalue the ability of animals to engage in reciprocity.
（1）What does the underlined word ''reciprocit'' in Paragraph 1 probably refer to？ BB
A．The act of being kind to other people.
B．A cooperative exchange of favors.
C．A positive attitude to everything.
D．The quality of being generous.
（2）What would happen if a rat pulled the stick according to the text？ CC
A．It would find some food in its own cage.
B．Other rats would be able to enter its cage.
C．Another rat in another cage would get food.
D．It would be able to enter a neighboring cage.
（3）Which got more benefit from the focal rat in the experiments？ DD
A．The rats that preferred carrot pieces.
B．The rats that preferred banana pieces.
C．The rats that had provided carrot pieces.
D．The rats that had provided banana pieces.
（4）Which of the following might Dolivo and Taborsky agree with？ AA
A．Some animals may return others' help.
B．Norway rats have very poor memories.
C．It is hard to explain the ability of animals.
D．Rats behavior is very uncommon.
【答案】B；C；D；A
【解答】
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發(fā)布：2024/5/27 14:0:0組卷：1引用：1難度：0.6
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