For some people，higher education is not just a goal in life，but also an expectation.In the United States，if your parents attended a college or university，there is a good chance that you will，too.Even if your parents did not go to college，you still have a good chance of completing higher education if your family is wealthy.
   But your chances are reduced if you come from a needy family，a community with limited educational resources or you simply have no one to follow as an example.
   Helping those in need is one of the main ideas behind a strategy of behavioral science called nudge theory or nudging.Nudging is a way of changing people's behavior through indirect suggestion and by supporting positive actions.
   A growing number of U.S.colleges and universities look to nudging as a way to support poor，minority and first-generation students.They also are using it to increase overall graduation rates.Two common forms of nudging are emails to students and text messages to their mobile phones.Schools and other educational organizations keep in contact with students this way，offering advice and help when needed.
    However，Alejandra Acosta - a higher education policy expert at New America - notes that there are several qualities a nudge campaign must possess in order to be successful.
   Acosta says messages must be timely，meaning they reach college students well before the date by which a student is required to take action.Additionally nudges should be written clearly and provide as much information as possible.If students start to struggle in class，school officials should not just message them，saying they should seek academic support.The message should give information about what kinds of support the college or university offers and exactly how the student can make use of them.That is why nudges should possess interactive qualities，Acosta says.For example，students should be able to ask questions of school officials or be directed to a website for more jye.aiformation.In addition，colleges and universities must ensure their support services are in place and working as best they can.
   When nudges work，they can do a lot of good.In 2018，a nonprofit group launched a nudging campaign at four U.S.community colleges.They worked with nearly 10.000 first-year students at three such colleges in Ohio and one in Virginia.A recent study found that older and minority students who agreed to receive these nudges were 16 to 20 percent more likely to continue into their second year than those who did not.

（1）Who is most likely to receive and complete higher education according to the passage？

D

D

A．Tony，whose father is the only bread-winner in the family.
B．Jimmy，whose mother is a worker in a small factory.
C．Betty，whose grandmother is a housemaid of a famous university professor.
D．Cathy，whose parents failed to attend college but succeeded in starting a big company.
（2）What can we know about nudging？

D

D

A．It is rooted in psychological science.
B．It is a way to improve people's mind.
C．It offers concrete and direct advice.
D．It helps students via emails and text messages.
（3）What is the passage mainly talking about？

B

B

A．The problem with higher education.
B．A way for colleges to support students.
C．The popularity of nudging campaign.
D．A national campaign dealing with poverty.