2022-2023學(xué)年上海市寶山區(qū)行知中學(xué)高二（上）第一次月考英語試卷
發(fā)布：2024/12/24 2:30:2
Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections： After reading the passage below， fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word， fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word； for the other blanks， use one word that best fits each blank.
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1．Scientists have measured levels of "third-hand" cigarette smoke and found it could be a dominant and lingering source of harmful chemicals.
Researchers reported how they tracked traces of cigarette smoke in a German cinema，where smoking was permitted， （1）（mean） the only source of tobacco smoke was from the bodies and clothes of movie-goers -- and found that some viewers （2）（expose） to the equivalent of secondhand hoke from up to 10 cigarettes.
The team led by Dr.Drew Gentner from Yale University sampled the exhaust air duct（導(dǎo)管）of the cinema for four days and detected 35 volatile（發(fā)揮性的）substances found in tobacco smoke.
Concentrations of such substances showed a sharper increase around the time when movie-goers entered the cinema. （3）（pronounced） increases were seen for earlier show-times.Meanwhile，levels of the substances were lower for family films than for R-rated action movies， （4）the latter having small audiences.
"In the R-rated films，especially the （5）that are occurring later in the evening，it appears there is a greater tendency of people attending those movies （6）（smoke），perhaps more frequently or more cigarettes，and so they are off gassing more，" said Gentner，noting that previous studies had suggested third-hand smoke （7）account for between 5% and 60% of the burden from cigarette smoke in non-smokers.
Analysis of particular substances revealed that，in the case of the action films，the third-hand smoke was relatively "fresh"， （8）its presence in family films was older -- possibly down to substances lingering from other screenings.
The team found a number of signs that substances from third-hand smoke build up over time. "That's （9）the chemicals don't remain entirely in the air，but are also absorbed on to various surfaces and furnishings， （10）they re-enter the air，" Gertner said.
The team said the study offered a real-life example of exposure，adding that smaller spaces with poorer ventilation，such as bars，offices，and underground trains，could have much higher levels of third-hand smoke.組卷：3引用：1難度：0.5
Section BDirections： Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
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2．A.adjusting B.casual C.crawl D.handle E.interpret F.limiting
G.lower H.minimal I.pooling J.jye.ai K.jye.ai
Your body avoids overheating by taking advantage of a bit of physics：When water evaporates from a surface，it leaves the surface cooler.When your body gets too hot，it pumps water onto your skin and lets it evaporate，carrying away heat.This effect can actually（1）the temperature of your skin to below the air temperature.This allows humans to survive in places where the air temperature is as high as human body temperature - as long as we keep drinking water to produce more sweat.
If there's a lot of moisture in the air，then evaporation slows to a（n）（2），because water condenses（凝結(jié)）onto your skin almost as fast as the moisture evaporates off it.When you feel sticky from sweat（3）on your skin，it means your body is struggling to evaporate water fast enough to keep you cool.
I asked Zachary Schlader，a researcher at Indiana University who studies how our bodies（4）extreme heat，about the hottest temperature a normal human could tolerate under ideal conditions.His 2014 study found that a person who is at rest，wearing（5）clothing，in a very dry room -- 10 percent relative humidity - and drinking water constantly could probably avoid overheating in temperatures as high as 115 degrees Fahrenheit （46℃）.
The（6）factor for our heat tolerance is sweat - how quickly we can produce it and how quickly it evaporates.If you kept your skin wet with a steady（7）of water，and sat in front of a powerful fan，you could increase the evaporation rate and keep your skin cool in even higher temperatures.
Models of human thermore-gulation like the one in the 2014 paper don't usually cover such extreme conditions，but I tried（8）their formulas to approximate what would happen under extreme evaporation and high wind.The results suggested that，with the help of a pool of water and a powerful fan，a human could conceivably tolerate heat of up to 140 degrees Fahrenheit （60℃） in air with 10 percent humidity.
That seemed awfully high，so I ran the number by Dr.Schlader. "Doing some（9）calculations，I come up with a similar number，" he said， "Honestly，I was surprised." But，he added，these models are likely not reliable at such extremes. "I would（10）such findings with caution."組卷：5引用：1難度：0.4
Reading ComprehensionsSection ADirections： For each blank in the following passage， there are four words or phrases marked A， B， C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
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3．I recently met a Texan couple whose son was still in diapers.They were seeking to get him into a preschool that（1）
a private preparatory school with a great record for college admissions.
The couple were ambivalent （uncertain） about doing this.They were from immigrant and working-class backgrounds，and had thrived in public schools.In theory，they believed that all children should have an equal chance to succeed.But I（2）that if they got their son a spot in the preschool，they'd take it.
It's a familiar story.Psychologists，sociologists and journalists have spent over a decade critiquing （評(píng)論；評(píng)判）the habits of "helicopter parents" and their school（3）.They insist that hyper-parenting backfires - creating a generation of stressed-out kids who can't（4）alone.Parents themselves alternate between feeling guilty，panicked and ridiculous.
But a new research shows that in our unequal era，this kind of parenting brings life-changing benefits.According to the research，when inequality hit a low in the 1970s，there wasn't that much of a gap between what someone earned with or without a college degree.Strict parenting（5）an era of "permissive parenting" - giving children lots of freedom with little oversight.
In the 1980s，however，inequality increased sharply in Western countries，especially the United States，and the gap between white- and blue-collar pay widened.Permissive parenting was replaced by helicopter parenting.Middle- and upper-class parents who'd gone to public schools and spent evenings playing kickball in the neighborhood began elbowing their toddlers into fast-track preschools and spending evenings monitoring their homework and driving them to activities.
American parents eventually increased their（6）caregiving by about 12 hours a week，compared with the 1970s.
Not all the changes were rational.But（7），the new parenting efforts seemed effective.When the researchers analyzed the 2012 PISA，an academic test of 15-year-olds around the world，along with reports from the teenagers and their parents about how they interact，they found that an "intensive parenting style" correlated with higher scores on the test.
It's not enough just to（8）over your kids，however.If you do it as an "authoritarian" parent -defined as someone who（9）directives，expects children to obey and sometimes hits those who don't - you won't get the full benefits.
The most effective parents，according to the authors，are "authoritative." They use reasoning to persuade kids to do things that are good for them.Instead of strict obedience，they emphasize（10），problem-solving and independence- skills that will help their offspring in future workplaces that we can't even imagine yet.
And they seem most successful at helping their kids achieve the holy grails（圣杯）of modern parenting：college and postgraduate degrees，which now have a huge financial payoff.
The benefits aren't just（11）.In a British study，kids raised by authoritative parents reported better health and higher self-esteem.In the American study，they were less likely to use drugs，smoke or（12）alcohol.
So why wouldn't everyone just become a（n）（13）parent？Religious people，regardless of their income，are more likely to be authoritarian parents who expect obedience and believe in corporal punishment，the authors found.Working-class and poor parents might not have the leisure time to hover or the budget to pay for activities and expensive schools.And they may（14）feel that they need to prepare their children for jobs in which rule-following matters more than debating skills.Those who can afford to helicopter are probably making things even more unequal for the next generation.Since there's apparently no（15）to how much people will do for their kids，the prognosis for parenting doesn't look good.Yet another reason to elect people who'll make America more equal：We grown-ups can finally stop doing homework.（1） A．changes into B．feeds into C．turns into D．transforms into （2） A．claimed B．doubted C．suspected D．questioned （3） A．obsessions B．a(chǎn)ssociations C．observations D．investigations （4） A．mention B．a(chǎn)ction C．transition D．function （5） A．objected to B．contributed to C．gave rise to D．gave way to （6） A．hands-down B．hands-off C．hands-on D．hands-over （7） A．for all the attention B．for the most part C．within defined areas D．under right supervision （8） A．look B．hover C．take D．protect （9） A．issues B．figures C．employs D．evaluates （10） A．reliability B．probability C．regularity D．a(chǎn)daptability （11） A．financial B．physical C．a(chǎn)cademic D．mental （12） A．a(chǎn)buse B．refuse C．counter D．command （13） A．permissive B．a(chǎn)uthoritative C．a(chǎn)uthoritarian D．helicopter （14） A．neutrally B．formally C．rightly D．reluctantly （15） A．link B．proof C．comparison D．limit 組卷：3引用：2難度：0.3
TranslationDirections： Translate the following sentences into English， using the words given in the brackets.
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10．家長們?cè)谛ｉT外踮著腳往里看，好像孩子進(jìn)了考場(chǎng)他們才放心。（as if）
組卷：3引用：1難度：0.5 -
11．到養(yǎng)老院做義工不僅讓老人們感受到陪伴的溫暖，也讓學(xué)生們對(duì)人生的意義有了更深刻的理解。（Not only）
組卷：2引用：1難度：0.4